300+
mock exams
48,474
tests completed
8,18,012
questions answered
A pilot project in Rajasthan is demonstrating the viability of Agrophotovoltaics (APV), a system where land is simultaneously used for agriculture and solar power generation. This farmer-led initiative, supported by , addresses the conflict between food security and energy transition by allowing farmers to cultivate crops beneath solar panels, significantly increasing their income while contributing to India's renewable energy goals.
The APV model offers a compelling solution for augmenting farm income, a key objective of Indian agricultural policy. By treating solar energy as a 'third crop,' farmers can diversify their revenue streams, reducing vulnerability to climate and market shocks. The pilot project showed an eightfold increase in the farmer's income, from ₹40,000 to ₹3 lakh annually. However, the high capital cost of elevated mounting structures—an additional ₹35 lakh per acre over conventional setups—poses a significant barrier for smallholder farmers. This highlights the critical need for financial mechanisms like Viability Gap Funding (VGF) (a grant provided to support infrastructure projects that are economically justified but fall short of financial viability) to make such capital-intensive models accessible. UPSC may ask about the economic feasibility of APV, the role of schemes like PM-KUSUM in promoting farmer-centric solar energy, and the challenge of balancing high upfront costs with long-term benefits.
APV presents a synergistic approach to land use, mitigating the trade-off between food security and renewable energy generation. India's ambitious solar targets often require large tracts of land, raising concerns about converting productive farmland, especially given the country's ranking of 105th on the Global Hunger Index 2024 (Note: The article mentions 102nd on the 2025 index, but 2024 data is the most recent officially released). The APV model creates a beneficial microclimate: partial shading reduces heat stress and evaporation, making it particularly advantageous for arid regions like Rajasthan. This allows for cultivation with reduced water requirements, as demonstrated by the successful maize harvest in the pilot. This aligns with the principles of climate-resilient agriculture and sustainable land management. Aspirants should understand how APV addresses land-use conflicts and its potential to optimize resource efficiency in water-stressed agricultural zones.
The success of the APV pilot underscores the importance of participatory governance and trust-building in policy implementation. The transition from a conventional solar farm to an APV system required overcoming the farmer's skepticism and financial risk aversion. The ICRIER researchers succeeded by engaging in sustained dialogue and sharing the risks, transitioning the farmer from a passive grant recipient to an active solar entrepreneur. Furthermore, the project's viability relies on state support mechanisms. The long-term power purchase agreement (PPA) with the state utility, Jaipur Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd., guarantees a fixed tariff (₹3.14 per unit) for 25 years, providing crucial revenue stability. The analysis also highlights how government interventions like VGF can halve the investment recovery period (from 12 to 6 years), proving essential for scaling such initiatives. Questions can be framed around the role of institutional support, risk-sharing models, and the integration of APV into existing frameworks like PM-KUSUM Component-A.