Expert Explains | As modern warfare transforms, the lessons now for Indian defence

The transition from conventional warfare to multi-domain operations demands a radical restructuring of India's defence apparatus. The historical siloed approach of the Army, Navy, and Air Force is obsolete against adversaries employing hybrid warfare, which blends conventional force with cyberattacks and disinformation. To counter this, the government is pursuing military integration through initiatives like the creation of Theatre Commands (a structural reform grouping forces geographically or functionally for unified action). The vision for 2047 emphasizes a two-pronged strategy: building a defensive shield, such as the AI-enabled Sudarshan Kavach air defence system, and an offensive capability through dedicated Missile and Drone Forces. This approach acknowledges the concept of asymmetrical attrition, where low-cost technologies like drones can challenge expensive conventional assets, requiring middle powers to establish credible deterrence rather than matching superpower spending.

Modern conflicts underscore the critical role of technology and a robust defense industrial base. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has historically struggled with project delays and heavy in-house structures, evident in programs like the Arjun tank. To achieve technological sovereignty, India is shifting towards a model resembling the US DARPA, leveraging private sector innovation. Initiatives like iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) and the commitment under 'DRDO 2.0' to direct the majority of conventional production to private industry aim to foster a dynamic military-industrial complex. This ecosystem is essential for developing critical technologies like semiconductors, AI targeting systems, and autonomous platforms, which are now as vital as traditional hardware. Building a resilient war economy with diversified supply chains is the foundation for sustained military capability.

The decline of a unipolar world, marked by the rise of middle powers and groupings like BRICS, necessitates a re-evaluation of national security strategies. As conflicts increasingly transcend borders, affecting global trade routes (e.g., the Red Sea), nations must navigate complex proxy conflicts and systemic influence campaigns. The concept of the grey zone—actions below the threshold of open armed conflict—poses a significant challenge, requiring strong civil defence and societal resilience. This involves combating disinformation and cyber threats that target civilian infrastructure and public perception. For India, maintaining internal stability while projecting power requires not just military modernization but also strong political will and solidarity with friendly nations to uphold a stable international order.